Stomach Cancer

Stomach (gastric) cancer can start in any part of the stomach, a sack-like organ that holds food and begins the digestion process.

The stomach has five layers. As cancer grows deeper into the layers, the prognosis for the patient gets worse. Starting from the inside, the innermost layer is called the mucosa.

Next is a supporting layer called the submucosa, which is surrounded by the muscularis, a layer of muscle that moves and mixes the stomach contents. The next two layers, the subserosa and the serosa (the outermost) layer, act as wrapping for the stomach. Stomach cancer usually starts in the mucosa (adenocarcinoma).

Facts: According to the Illinois State Cancer Registry, in 2021, there was 1,127 new cases of stomach cancer diagnosed in Illinois. Of these, 715 will be in men and 412 will be in women. In 2021, 445 Illinoisans died from stomach cancer.

Scientists have found several risk factors that make a person more likely to develop stomach cancer. The major risk factors include:

Infection with bacteria (Helicobacter pylori) may be a major cause of stomach cancer. Long-term infection with these bacteria can lead to inflammation and damage to the inner layer of the stomach. This bacterium is also linked to some types of lymphoma of the stomach, but most people with this bacterium never develop cancer.

Smoking almost doubles the risk of stomach cancer.

An increased risk of stomach cancer is linked to diets high in smoked foods, salted fish and meats, and pickled vegetables. Eating whole grain products and fresh fruits and vegetables that contain vitamins A and C appears to lower the risk of stomach cancer.

Being overweight (excess body fat) or obese (abnormally high, unhealthy amount of body fat) is a major risk factor for many cancers, including cancer of the stomach.

Stomach cancer is more likely to occur in people who have had part of their stomach removed.

For unknown reasons, people with type A blood have a higher risk for stomach cancer.

Polyps are small mushroom-like growths on the lining of the stomach. Most types of polyps do not increase the risk of stomach cancer. One type, adenomatous polyps, sometimes develops into stomach cancer.

Stomach cancer is more than twice as common in men.

The rate of stomach cancer is higher in Hispanics and African Americans than in non-Hispanic Whites. The highest rates are seen in Asian/Pacific Islanders.

Stomach cancer is most often diagnosed after the age of 50.

People with several close relatives who have had stomach cancer are more likely to develop this disease. Scientists are trying to learn how and why certain changes take place in the lining of the stomach and what part Helicobacter pylori plays in stomach cancer.

Stomach cancer can be difficult to detect early. Often, there are no symptoms in the early stages, and in many cases, the cancer has spread before it is found. When symptoms occur, they are often so vague that the person ignores them. The common symptoms include:

• unintended weight loss and lack of appetite
• pain around the stomach (abdominal pain)
• vague discomfort in the abdomen, often above the navel
• a sense of fullness just below the chest bone after eating a small meal
• heartburn, indigestion, or ulcer-type symptoms
• nausea
• vomiting, with or without blood
• swelling of the abdomen

Many of these symptoms can be caused by conditions other than cancer. It is important to report any of these symptoms to a doctor.

Even though the exact cause of stomach cancer is unknown, it is still possible to prevent many cases. Finding it early may be the best way to improve the chance of successful treatment and reduce the number of deaths caused by the disease.

• Increased use of refrigeration for food storage (rather than salting, pickling, and smoking) and changes in diet have helped lower the rate of stomach cancer over the past 60 years.
• A diet high in fresh fruits and vegetables can lower stomach cancer risk. Red meats, mainly those high in fat or processed, should be limited.
• Stop tobacco and alcohol usage.
• It is not yet clear whether people with chronic (ongoing) infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria should be treated to prevent stomach cancer. This issue is being researched.

• American Cancer Society
• National Cancer Institute